Induction- Though Hans Christian Oersted discovered electro-magnetism, Michael Faraday gave us the “practical generation of electricity: electro-magnetic induction”. Faraday discovered that a voltage could be generated across a wire if it was exposed to a perpendicular magnetic field flux with varying intensity. An easy way to create a magnetic field with a variable intensity is to move a magnet next to a wire (or coil of wire) and the magnetic field must be perpendicular and increase/decrease in intensity.
Faraday also found a mathematical formula with the magnetic field flux induced with voltage:



Ohm's Law- Voltage = Current x Resistance (V=IR); I is in Amperes, V is in Volts, Resistance is in Ohms; published in 1827 and named after Georg Ohm



Electro-Magnetism- Danish physicist Hans Christian Oersted discovered the relationship between magnetism and electricity (nearly accidental). Hans confirmed this relation during a lecture to his students on the possibility of the relationship by passing an electric current through a metal wire suspended above a magnetic compass, it produced a definite motion of the compass needle in response to the current
Other experiments showed that the magnetic field from an electric current is always perpendicular to the direction of the flow. The method to show the relationship is called the “Left-Hand Rule” (see above)“the left-hand rule says that the magnetic flux lines produced by a current-carrying wire will be oriented the same direction as the curled fingers of a person's left hand (in the "hitchhiking" position), with the thumb pointing in the direction of electron flow”
The magnetic field encircles the straight wire and it has no definite “north” and “south” poles In order for the wire to have a stronger magnetic field force, but more field flux with the same amount of an electrical current, you wrap the wire into a coil shape and the circling magnetic fields around the wire will come together to make a bigger field and even have a definite “north” and “south” poles

Parallel Circuits-

A parallel circuit is all components are connected between the same set of common points. Using the figure above you see that points 1, 2, 3, and 4 are all common, and points 8, 7, 6, and 5 are common too. Also the resistors are connected by two points such as R1 be connected by points 2 and 7
Alternating Current (AC) - is an electrical current whose magnitude and direction vary cyclically, as opposed to DC, whose direction remains constant. Direct Current (DC) - is the constant flow of electric charge. This is typically in a conductor such as a wire. Kirchhoff's Three Laws of Spectroscopy:-A hot solid object produces light with a continuous spectrum.-A hot tenuous gas produces light with spectral lines at discrete wavelengths which depend on the energy levels of the atoms in the gas.-A hot solid object surrounded by a cool tenuous gas (i.e. cooler than the hot object) produces light with an almost continuous spectrum which has gaps at discrete wavelengths depending on the energy levels of the atoms in the gas.